Species from other phyla than vertebrates, such as arthropods and sponges, do not possess a hypothalamus. These hormones include epinephrine (adrenalin) to increase blood flow and heart rate for a sufficient fight-or-flight response, and ghrelin, which is commonly described as "the hunger hormone". The hypothalamus responds to these motivations by regulating activity in the endocrine system to release hormones to alter the behaviour of the animal. In the case of vertebrates, this list corresponds to the motivational behaviours that drive the activity in the hypothalamus, namely: fighting, fleeing, feeding and sexual functioning. However, in his book The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins argued that adaptive traits do not evolve to benefit individual organisms, but to benefit the passing on of genes. Pribram, with the fourth entry in the list being known by terms such as "sex" : 11, 13 or "mating and maternal behavior", : 155 although he himself did not use the term "four Fs".Ĭonventionally, the four Fs were described as adaptations which helped the organism to find food, avoid danger, defend its territory, et cetera. The list of the four activities appears to have been first introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in articles by psychologist Karl H. In evolutionary psychology, people often speak of the four Fs which are said to be the four basic and most primal drives ( motivations or instincts) that animals (including humans) are evolutionarily adapted to have, follow, and achieve: fighting, fleeing, feeding and fornicating (although the "four Fs" term is possibly a reticent allusion to a more crude term).
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